
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a great German philosopher and universal thinker, lived during the period following the Thirty
Years War, that had destroyed central Europe. This war, which was ostensibly fought over religious differences, wiped out
half the population in some areas of Europe. Leibniz worked to promote a dialogue of different religions and cultures.
&1 I consider it a singular plan of the fates that human cultivation and refinement should today be concentrated,
as it were, in the two extremes of our continent, in Europe and in Tshina (as they call it), which adorns the Orient
as Europe does the opposite edge of the earth. Perhaps Supreme Providence has ordained such an arrangement, so that as
the most cultivated and distant peoples stretch out their arms to each other, those in between may gradually be brought
to a better way of life. I do not think it an accident that the Muscovites whose vast realm connects Europe with
China and who hold sway over the deep barbarian lands of the North by the shore of the frozen ocean, should be led
to the emulation of our ways through the strenuous efforts of their present ruler and their Patriarch, as I understand
it, in agreement with him. &2 Now the Chinese Empire, which challenges Europe in cultivated area and
certainly surpasses her in population, vies with us in many other ways in almost equal combat, so that now they win,
now we. But what should I put down first by way of comparison? To go over everything, even though useful, would
be lengthy and is not our proper task in this place. In the useful arts and in practical experience with natural objects
we are, all things considered, about equal to them, and each people has knowledge which it could with profit communicate
to the other. In profundity of knowledge and in the theoretical disciplines we are their superiors. For besides
logic and metaphysics, and the knowledge of things incorporeal, which we justly claim as peculiarly our province,
we excel by far in the understanding of concepts which are abstracted by the mind from the material, ie., in things
mathematical, as is in truth demonstrated when Chinese astronomy comes into competition with our own. The Chinese
are thus seen to be ignorant of that great light of the mind, the art of demonstration, and they have remained content
with a sort of empirical geometry, which our artisans universally possess. They also yield to us in military science,
not so much out of ignorance as by deliberation. For they despise everything which creates or nourishes ferocity in men,
and almost in emulation of the higher teachings of Christ (and not, as some wrongly suggest, because of anxiety),
they are averse to war. They would be wise indeed if they were alone in the world. But as things are, it comes back
to this, that even the good must cultivate the arts of war, so that the evil may not gain power over everything. In these
matters, then, we are superior. &3 But who would have believed that there is on earth a people who, though
we are in our view so very advanced in every branch of behavior, still surpass us in comprehending the precepts of civil
life? Yet now we find this to be so among the Chinese, as we learn to know them better. And so if we are their equals
in the industrial arts, and ahead of them in contemplative sciences, certainly they surpass us (though it is almost
shameful to confess this) in practical philosophy, that is, in the precepts of ethics and politics adapted to the present
life and use of mortals. Indeed, it is difficult to describe how beautifully all the laws of the Chinese, in contrast
to those of other peoples, are directed to the achievement of public tranquility and the establishment of social
order, so that men shall be disrupted in their relations as little as possible. Certainly by their own doing men suffer
the greatest evils and in turn inflict them upon each other. It is truly said that "man is a wolf to man."
Our folly is indeed great, but quite universal. We exposed as we are to natural injuries, heap woes on ourselves,
as though they were lacking from elsewhere. &4 What harm, then, if some nation has found a remedy [for these
evils]? Certainly the Chinese above all others have attained a higher standard. In a vast multitude of men they have
accomplished more than the founders of religious orders among us have achieved within their own ranks. So great
is obedience toward superiors and reverence toward elders, so religious, almost, is the relation of children toward
parents, that for children to contrive anything violent against their parents, even by word, is almost unheard of,
and the perpetrator seems to atone for his actions even as we make a parricide pay for his deed. Moreover, there
is among equals, or those having little obligation to one another, a marvelous respect, and an established order of duties.
To us, not enough accustomed to act by reason and rule, these smack of servitude; yet among them, where these duties
are made natural by use, they are observed gladly. As our people have noticed in amazement, the Chinese peasants
and servants, when they bid farewell to friends, or when they first enjoy the sight of each other after a long separation,
behave to each other so lovingly and respectfully that they challenge all the politeness of European magnates. What
then would you expect from the mandarins, or from Colai? Thus it happens that scarcely anyone offends another by
the smallest word in common conversation. And they rarely show evidences of hatred, wrath, or excitement. With us respect
and careful conversation last for hardly more than the first days of a new acquaintance--scarcely even that. Soon
familiarity moves in and circumspection is gladly put away for a sort of freedom which is quickly followed by contempt,
backbiting, anger, and afterwards enmity. It is just the contrary with the Chinese. Neighbors and even members of a
family are so held back by a hedge of custom that they are able to maintain a kind of perpetual courtesy.
|